How does social reproduction relate to our understanding of the global Essay

How does social reproduction relate to our understanding of the global political economy How is it defined in the context of IPE - Essay Example From an overarching perspective there is the recognition that social reproduction has been situated within the global political economy in hierarchical ways. For instance, Bakker noted, â€Å"social reproduction is not confined to the household, but forms the foundation of Braudel’s hierarchical model of the economy† (Bakker, p. 542). This hierarchical structure is then view in terms of systematic interaction between the different levels. Notably, this view of social reproduction views it as necessarily in a conflicting relationship with the demands or processes of capitalism. One example of such systematic interaction is given in terms of witch hunts. In this way hundreds of women were executed on the grounds that they were witches. Within the context of the political economy this is viewed as a means of the capitalist apparatus reclaiming power. The fundamental recognition in this sense is that as ‘witches’ demonstrated alternative forms of morality, it w as necessary to execute them to reclaim the power of reproduction. Ultimately the extent this systematic interaction is dependent on conscious or unconscious perspectives is contingent on a variety of notions of social reproduction in the political economy. In the context of international political economy social reproduction takes on another mode of interpretation. Social reproduction not only involves the processes of human reproduction, but also the moral and cultural implications tied into these processes. An extensive array of research has examined this in the context of the international economy. Steans & Tepe consider the ways that international political organizations have worked to change the policy regarding specific groups or demographics. Considering one study they note it examines, â€Å"social reproduction, especially through the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) development

Managing Diversity and Equal Opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Diversity and Equal Opportunity - Essay Example The female literacy and economic empowerment is crucial not only for development but also for the children in the country. It is emphasized in the millennium development goals that child health and literacy levels in a nation show the quality of future population. Thus, at this epoch, management diversity with the provision of equal opportunity is a must to stimulate the economic growth of a country. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The parliament of United Kingdom had passed another gender related Act in 1975. The name of this Act was Sex Discrimination Act. This Act attempted to eradicate the discriminations on the grounds of sex and marriage in United Kingdom. The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) was established under the regime of this Act in U.K. The major concern of this Act was to create equal opportunities for both men and women in the workplaces. It was believed by the government of U.K., that progress of the nation would be just impossible without the support of gender u nbiased features in the economy (NCJRS, 1979). Equal Pay Act 1970 The parliament of United Kingdom (U.K.) in 1970 had established the Equal Pay Act that was related to gender issues in the economy. This Act primarily concentrated in reducing the unequal treatments between genders regarding factors like pay and employment opportunities. The Act was incorporated in the country after five years in 1975. The Act considered the factors like pensions, top wages, and leaves which are allotted equally to both the gender in the workplaces. However, the employers protecting their pay rights under the norms of this Act were supposed to consider that the work done by a competitor (whose salary the employers claims) should be same to the work executed by the employer. This Act made it sure that the salaries of two employees are same when the work load is alike. Differentials in pay would be gender neutral (EEOC, 2013). Case Studies Dr Bhal is an African black woman who lived in United Kingdom si nce she was 9 years old. This was the phase of time when the government of U.K. was demanding for equal opportunities for both men and women the country. So as a representative of the Commerce and Industry group in 1990, Dr Bhal was elected as one of the members of Council of Law Society in U.K. In 1993, she became the chairman of the EOC (Bailii, 2006). Dr Bhal had adopted active measures to improve the condition of women in U.K. Her work was appreciated by many officials in the U.K.’s government body. However, traces of her arrogance and rude behaviour were reported in 1998. Jean Johnson the director of the Human Resources claimed that Dr Bhal spoke to him very rudely over official calls (Xperthr, n.d.). The Director of Corporate Management also commented that Dr Bhals attitude in the business affairs were not good at all. It was very difficult to comment on the actual reason for such claims; it could take place due to gender discriminations or could also occur because Dr B hal became egotistical in her attitude. Ultimately the Law Society made Dr Bhal resign on such grounds. Dr Bhal claimed that this was done because the Law Society was gender biased in U.K. and filed a case against the organization in this ground. Dr Bhal’s strong comments to the media claimed that the Law Society had inherent â€Å"fossilised bureaucracy† and was â€Å"full of champagne-sipping racists†. On one hand, the staffs claimed that Kamlesh Bhal’s attitude was shrewd and unprofessional. On the other hand, Dr Bhal has claimed that alpha

Advantages And Disadvantages To Using Indexes Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages To Using Indexes Computer Science Essay Put simply, database indexes help speed up retrieval of data. The other great benefit of indexes is that your server doesnt have to work as hard to get the data. They are much the same as book indexes, providing the database with quick jump points on where to find the full reference (or to find the database row). There are both advantages and disadvantages to using indexes,however. One disadvantage is they can take up quite a bit of space check a textbook or reference guide and youll see it takes quite a few pages to include those page references. Another disadvantage is using too many indexes can actually slow your database down. Thinking of a book again, imagine if every the, and or at was included in the index. That would stop the index being useful the index becomes as big as the text! On top of that, each time a page or database row is updated or removed, the reference or index also has to be updated. So indexes speed up finding data, but slow down inserting, updating or deleting data. Some fields are automatically indexed. A primary key or a field marked as unique for example an email address, a userid or a social security number are automatically indexed so the database can quickly check to make sure that youre not going to introduce bad data. So when should a database field be indexed? The general rule is anything that is used to limit the number of results youre trying to find. Its hard to generalise so well look at some specific but common examples. Note the database tables shown below are used as an example only and will not necessarily be the best setup for your particular needs. In a database table that looks like this: Note: The SQL code shown below works with both MySQL and PostgreSQL databases. CREATE TABLE subscribers ( subscriberid INT PRIMARY KEY, emailaddress VARCHAR(255), firstname VARCHAR(255), lastname VARCHAR(255) ); if we want to quickly find an email address, we create an index on the emailaddress field: CREATE INDEX subscriber_email ON subscribers(emailaddress); and any time we want to find an email address: SELECT firstname, lastname FROM subscribers WHERE emailaddress=[emailprotected]; it will be quite quick to find! Another reason for creating indexes is for tables that reference other tables. For example, in a CMS you might have a news table that looks something like this: CREATE TABLE newsitem ( newsid INT PRIMARY KEY, newstitle VARCHAR(255), newscontent TEXT, authorid INT, newsdate TIMESTAMP ); and another table for authors: CREATE TABLE authors ( authorid INT PRIMARY KEY, username VARCHAR(255), firstname VARCHAR(255), lastname VARCHAR(255) ); A query like this: SELECT newstitle, firstname, lastname FROM newsitem n, authors a WHERE n.authorid=a.authorid; will be take advantage of an index on the newsitem authorid: CREATE INDEX newsitem_authorid ON newsitem(authorid); This allows the database to very quickly match the records from the newsitem table to the authors table. In database terminology this is called a table join you should index any fields involved in a table join like this. Since the authorid in the authors table is a primary key, it is already indexed. The same goes for the newsid in the news table, so we dont need to look at those cases. On a side note, table aliases make things a lot easier to see whats happening. Using newsitem n and authors a means we dont have to write: SELECT newstitle, firstname, lastname FROM newsitem, authors WHERE newsitem.authorid=authors.authorid; for more complicated queries where more tables are referenced this can be extremely helpful and make things really easy to follow. In a more complicated example, a news item could exist in multiple categories, so in a design like this: CREATE TABLE newsitem ( newsid INT PRIMARY KEY, newstitle VARCHAR(255), newscontent TEXT, authorid INT, newsdate TIMESTAMP ); CREATE TABLE newsitem_categories ( newsid INT, categoryid INT ); CREATE TABLE categories ( categoryid INT PRIMARY KEY, categoryname VARCHAR(255) ); This query: SELECT n.newstitle, c.categoryname FROM categories c, newsitem_categories nc, newsitem n WHERE c.categoryid=nc.categoryid AND nc.newsid=n.newsid; will show all category names and newstitles for each category. To make this particular query fast we need to check we have an index on: newsitem newsid newsitem_categories newsid newsitem_categories categoryid categories categoryid Note: Because the newsitem newsid and the categories categoryid fields are primary keys, they already have indexes. We need to check there are indexes on the join table newsitem_categories This will do it: CREATE INDEX newscat_news ON newsitem_categories(newsid); CREATE INDEX newscat_cats ON newsitem_categories(categoryid); We could create an index like this: CREATE INDEX news_cats ON newsitem_categories(newsid, categoryid); However, doing this limits some ways the index can be used. A query against the table that uses both newsid and categoryid will be able to use this index. A query against the table that only gets the newsid will be able to use the index. A query against that table that only gets the categoryid will not be able to use the index. For a table like this: CREATE TABLE example ( a int, b int, c int ); With this index: CREATE INDEX example_index ON example(a,b,c); It will be used when you check against a. It will be used when you check against a and b. It will be used when you check against a, b and c. It will not be used if you check against b and c, or if you only check b or you only check c. It will be used when you check against a and c but only for the a column it wont be used to check the c column as well. A query against a OR b like this: SELECT a,b,c FROM example where a=1 OR b=2; Will only be able to use the index to check the a column as well it wont be able to use it to check the b column. Multi-column indexes have quite specific uses, so check their use carefully. Now that weve seen when we should use indexes, lets look at when we shouldnt use them. They can actually slow down your database (some databases may actually choose to ignore the index if theres no reason to use it). A table like this: CREATE TABLE news ( newsid INT PRIMARY KEY, newstitle VARCHAR(255), newscontent TEXT, active CHAR(1), featured CHAR(1), newsdate TIMESTAMP ); looks pretty standard. The active field tells us whether the news item is active and ready to be viewed on the site. So should we should create an index on this field for a query like this? SELECT newsid, newstitle FROM news WHERE active=1; No, we shouldnt. If most of your content is live, this index will take up extra space and slow the query down because almost all of the fields match this criteria. Imagine 500 news items in the database with 495 being active. Its quicker to eliminate the ones that arent active than it is to list all of the active ones (if you do have an index on the active field, some databases will choose to ignore it anyway because it will slow the query down). The featured field tells us whether the news item should feature on the front page. S hould we index this field? Yes. Most of our content is not featured, so an index on the featured column will be quite useful. Other examples of when to index a field include if youre going to order by it in a query. To get the most recent news items, we do a query like this: SELECT newtitle, newscontent FROM news ORDER BY newsdate DESC; Creating an index on newsdate will allow the database to quickly sort the results so it can fetch the items in the right order. Indexing can be a bit tricky to get right, however there are tools available for each database to help you work out if its working as it should. Well there you have it my introduction to database indexes. Hopefully youve learned something from this article and can apply what youve learned to your own databases. This entry was posted in Programming. Bookmark the permalink. 22 Responses to Introduction to Database Indexes Jim says: February 17, 2006 at 7:13 am I think you need to be a bit more the reader knows absolutly nothing when describing the table joins. You lost me for a bit there. Perhaps a better step by step hand holding example would be better. [ Editors note: Sure thing. Ill see what I can come up with for next month! If youre desperate for information and cant wait drop me a line chris at interspire dot com and Ill explain it further ] Reply khani says: May 14, 2006 at 3:55 pm Good effort chris, You ve described Indexes in a simple way. Reply VRS says: May 24, 2006 at 1:32 pm Good article.Do include some explanation on clustered and non clustered indexes. Reply Vivek says: July 13, 2006 at 3:25 am Good article. Helped a lot in understading the basics of indexing. Thanks Reply Unknown says: October 11, 2006 at 8:43 pm Good article man. I really appretiate your effort. Reply Ayaz says: November 14, 2006 at 9:22 am Good article to understand indexes for a beginner. Reply Debiz says: November 27, 2006 at 5:21 pm Very well written and simply explained for those looking for a basic overview Reply Nand says: December 14, 2006 at 11:46 am Good article, felt like walking over the bridge on a gorge. Can u pl. explain drawbacks of using index also. [ Chris note The main drawback is that every insert, update or delete has to change the index as well. If you have a lot of indexes, that adds a lot of overhead to the operation. ] Reply Myo says: December 19, 2006 at 11:56 pm Very easy to understand and gives examples with different situations to demonstrate when and where we should use indexes and why. Thanks man! Reply John Lowe says: March 14, 2007 at 2:57 am A quick a useful reminder to what idexes are all about, thanks. Reply Shravanti says: June 26, 2007 at 3:11 am Good Introduction to Indexes. It would also be valuable to have information on how do indexes work on OLAP side of a Data Warehouse. Reply Harsha says: August 13, 2007 at 11:21 pm crisp tutorial.. good work Reply krish says: September 24, 2007 at 2:44 am Really very nice explanation Reply Alagesan says: October 10, 2007 at 11:33 pm This is a great article to learn indexing for beginners I really appreciate your efforts and good will in explaining them in words here.Thanks! Reply Heather says: October 12, 2007 at 8:23 am This was a great explanation of indexes for me I am self-taught when it comes to databases so the language in this tutorial was very easy for me to understand. Also, you used great examples to help explain your information. THANKS! Reply Jess Duckin says: October 28, 2007 at 4:58 am The explaination on the usage of indexing is very helpful Reply Mayur says: October 29, 2007 at 1:56 pm Thank you very much, a really informative tutorialfor me it was a 100% match to what I was looking for. Thanks Reply satish soni says: January 11, 2008 at 7:17 am Great article on indexes even oracle has not provided that much knowledge about indexes Reply Shweta says: January 11, 2008 at 4:25 pm Good. Just the overview i needed. Reply Hemant Jirange says: January 17, 2008 at 3:39 am Great articlethis is very simple to understand whole disadvantages about index Reply ramesh says: January 18, 2008 at 2:26 am impossible.even wikipedi couldnt match your tutorial on this topicthank uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu very much Reply Ravi says: September 12, 2008 at 5:57 am thanks Chris, was an easy read for a database novice. I look forward to seeing the next chapter Reply Leave a Reply Name (required) Mail (will not be published) (required) Website Home | Email Marketing | Shopping Cart | Knowledge Management Software | Content Management Software | Ecommerce Software | Sell Products Online | Our Guarantee | Privacy Policy Copyright 1999-2010 Interspire Pty. Ltd. ACN: 107 422 631

I Was a Willing Participant :: Personal Narrative Writing

I Was a Willing Participant Toward the end of last semester, I registered for this class mainly for one reason: I had had Emily as a professor before, I liked her class and her teaching style very much, and I wanted to again take a class she was teaching. This was my first opportunity to do so, and I jumped on it. In the bulletin, the class was described as the Graduate Writing Seminar, and through the grapevine, I found out it was not a creative writing class, but instead, a study in critical feminist pedagogies.What the hell, I thought. Ià ­ll take it anyway. After all, I really just wanted to take another class with Emily, whatever the topic might be. Over winter break, I started thinking about who else would be in the class. I am sure some of the usual suspects would be in Dixon 432 on that first day. Sure enough, when I walked, in I saw Alicia, Megan, Kate, and Kelly, just as I had expected. Before that first day, however, the number one thought going through my mind about this class and the makeup of my classmates was, of course, just how many males would be in that room. For a while, I thought I may be the only one, but I shook that thought out of my mind pretty quickly when I reminded myself that, after all, this was grad school, and the guys here were actually open minded and weren't afraid to take a class containing the prefix fem. I was right. In walked to see Gary and Leon. I had had classes with both of them before, and I knew their ways of thinking, so I felt à ¬safe.à ® (Though I must admit that when Gary first proclaimed himself a à ¬feministà ® in Sharon Lewis' class last semester, my initial thought was à ¬this guy just wants to get laid.à ® That was stupid and wrong.) So here I was, one-third of a population of a class that was certainly not going to be the topic of discussion for the next 5 or so months. I was ready to accept that. The program here at MSU had given me many chances to expand my thinking in ways that I had not previously been exposed to, and this class was yet another in that long line.

Imperialism in Africa

Explain what is meant by the term imperialism. Discuss the causes of imperialism in the 1800s. Kamar Findlay ID# 092165839 Mico University College Imperialism in Africa Mrs. Pitter October 29, 2011 Imperialism is â€Å"the creation and or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination† (Johnston, 2000. p. 375). In its simplest form Farah and Karls (2001) describes imperialism as one country’s domination of the political, economical and social life of another country.The Europeans imperialism during the 1800s occurs out of the advantages of strong economies, well organized governments and powerful armies and navies. ‘Superior technology including riverboats and telegraph, as well as improved medical knowledge also played a part’ (Esler et al 2009. p. 752). Advances such as the Maxim Machines Guns and steam driven warships were very st rong signals in persuading the Africans and Asian to accept European domination. European imperialism did not begin in the 1800s. European states have had empires in the Americas after 1492 and in South Asia and China.Imperialism has been found in the histories of Japan, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Persian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, ancient Egypt, and India and was a basic component in the conquest of weaker state. According to Smith (1998) the word itself, derived from the Latin verb imperare (to command), the Roman concept of imperium, while the actual term ‘Imperialism' was coined in the 16th century, reflecting what are now seen as the imperial policies of Belgium, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial policies, but also economic and/or military dominance and influence. From about 1870 to 1914, imperialist gain control ov er much of the world. Leading the way were the soldiers, merchants, settlers, missionaries, and explorers. In Europe, imperial expansion found favor with all classes, from bankers and manufacturers to workers. Western imperialism expanded rapidly for a number of reasons. The imperialism in the 1800s resulted from four key factors.First, nationalism created an atmosphere in which rival European countries build empires in their competitive quest for dominance in Europe and indeed the world. Secondly, the Industrial revolution created an extraordinary demand for raw material and new markets, which in essence push industrialized nations to seek over sea territories. Thirdly imperialism rested on the notion of what was called the â€Å"White Mans Burden†. This was a belief that was held by the European powers that it was their responsibility to civilize the people who the belief was pagans.Farah and Karls (2001) lamented that humanitarian impulses inspired many individuals to leav e their secure lives at home and head for distant colonies. The desire was to spread western technology, religion, custom and tradition to those how were seen as the uncivilized. Finally, according to Ellis and Esler (2009) behind the idea of western civilizing mission was the growing since of racial superiority. European races, the lamented, were believed to be superior to all others and domination of the weaker races was simply nature’s way of improving the human species.Nationalism played a vital role in the drive towards imperialism. ‘Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms’ (Athena, 2001. p. 226) . It is also seen as the belief that a nation will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals Ellis et al (2009) lamented that western leaders claimed that colonies were needed for nationa l security. In the last half of the 1800s European nations visualize them self as the ideal country.If Great Britain started a small colony in distant or Africa, France had to start one too-and so did Belgium, Germany, Italy, Holland, Spain, Portugal and Russia. Nationalism in the extreme promotes the idea of national superiority. Industrialized countries therefore felt they had the right to take control of weaker areas. Countries also tried to increase their power through the control of more land and people. In the 1800s Europe underwent a renewed period of imperialism which was very sophisticated in its nature. Much emphasis was placed on gaining or controlling a colony.The resources and wealth gain from the colony was used to finance war and the army as well as the economy. The stronger a European military gets the more power full that country become in Europe and as such gaining the wealth from a colony could either break or build the power and prestige of a nation. When France for example, moved into West Africa, rival nations such as Britain and Germany seized lands nearby to halt further French expansion. In essence the Europeans taught of the colonies as a source of security. So strong and sophisticated was the sentiment of nationalism that it set of what was known as a ‘Scramble for Africa.West Africa was already known to the European but the interior was untouched. The Belgian king Leopold the second occupies and carry profitable economic activities in the Congo (South Central Africa). Before long Britain, France, Germany and Italy were all lock in a tussle, pressing rivals claim to the region. According to Bickers and Henriot (2000), the scramble was turning out to be bloodshed between European powers. However this was somehow prevented with the calling of the Berlin Conference in Germany by the German Statesman Otto Von Bismarck.This conference was design to reach a peace full agreement over the partition of Africa, but it reflect the ideals of imperialism as only the European powers were invited to the meeting and yet still it was the land of the Africans they were dividing among themselves. The Industrial Revolution of the 1800s knew no borders. The era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England’ (Ashton, 1969. p. 24).Advances in agricultural techniques and practices resulted in an increased supply of food and raw materials, changes in industrial organization and new technology resulted in increased production, efficiency and profits, and the increase in commerce, foreign and domestic, were all conditions which promoted the advent of the Industrial Revolution. ‘The industrial revolution was the most compelling driving force behind imperialism in the 1800s’ (Thompson, 1964. p. 147). The newly build machineries and factory in Europe and the un ited state utilizes tons of raw resources and produces a tremendous amount of manufactured goods.Europe alone could not provide the raw material and the bulk the recourses needed for manufacturing would have to come from outside of Europe. On the same note the European market was becoming overwhelmed with producers and a new market was also needed for the selling of the manufacture goods. As such, face with the desire for well needed raw materials and new markets, the industrialize countries of Europe set out on a quest for new colonies in order to facilitate the needs of their new industrialize cities.Fascinatingly the areas such as East Asia, Africa and the Americas were scarcely known to the Europeans. However the little they know about areas was compelling enough to indicate that these regions amass a huge amount of resources. Thus it is not surprising that these regions would become the safe haven for European exploit of raw material and markets. According Ellis (2009) the indu strial revolution started with the textile industry in Britain and the amount of textile produce was dependent on the availability of cotton.Cotton was grown in huge amount in the regions of North Africa particularly the ancient civilization of Egypt. Cotton was also grown in excessive amount in India and because of this supply it came with little or no surprise that the British would seize the opportunity to colonize and bring these areas under their control. In great demand was raw material such as gold, copper, Rubber, diamond, silver, ivory, steel, Coal, Petroleum. Most of these resources if not all could be found in Africa and areas in the Middle East (Near East).As such these areas became the catalyst of European exploiting and economic activities. The economic demands of the industrial revolution were one of the reasons why these areas with the abundance of resources succumbed to the burden brought by the European imperials ideals. Europeans also ventured on a path to civiliz ed (Civilizing Mission) the people who they themselves claim as uncivilized. The ‘civilizing mission’ as it was term was notably the underlying principle of French and Portuguese  colonial rule  in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Kuper (1965) lament that it was influential in the French colonies of  Algeria,  French West Africa, and Indochina, and in the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Guinea, Mozambique and Timor . The European colonial powers felt it was their duty to bring  Western Civilization  to what they perceived as backwards peoples. Rather than merely govern colonial peoples, the Europeans would attempt to westernize them in accordance with a colonial ideology known as â€Å"assimilation†. Those who did not practice the Christian faith were seen as pagans and as such it was the ‘white man burden’ (Europeans) to save these people by Christianizing them.According to Esler (2009) during the age of imperialism, growing numbers of catholic and protestant missionaries decided to bring the Christian message to the most remote parts of Africa and Asia. Like many other Europeans and Americans of this period, these missionaries believed that Christianity and Western Civilization together could benefit and transform the world. Educating the people into western education was just another aspect of European conquest as even the education itself was design in such a way to prevent the people from the colonies to accept their own traditions and culture.To achieve these goal missionaries usually set up churches schools and hospitals as well. Esler (2009) explained that some Europeans seized on the theory of Social Darwinism as a proof of their cultural and racial superiority. ‘Social Darwinism’ is a belief, popular in the late Victorian age in England, and America which states that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die’ ( Hawkins, 1997. p. 457).The European adopted this theory and truly put it into effect as one of their reason for conquest and imperial rule was because they saw themselves as the dominant race with the god given right to rule. European during the 1800s and the earlier half of the 1900s view the non-white race of Africa and Asia as barbaric and uncivilized or somewhat a lesser species of the human race. Because of these descriptions the European held it in their view that this race should be control and dominated by the superior race which of course was the Europeans.European domination led to erosion of traditional African and Asian values and destroyed many existing social relationships. Native peoples were forced to work long hard hours for subsistence pay. In an attempt to come to a conclusion, the research done have shown that imperialism in the 1800s was cause out of four key factors. These were the Industrial Revolution, Nationalism, religion and racial superiority. The econom ic demands of the industrial revolution had a profound impact on European economy and the colonies the governed. The more resources came from he colonies the wealthier and more power full the mother country became. In their quest was also to civilized the people of the colonies who the thought were barbaric. As such schools and church alike was established within the colonies. Imperialism was also driven on the basis of racial superiority. The Europeans held the view that they were superior to the colonies over which they dominated. Africa and Asia were the continents that succumb to the imperialist ideals of the 1800s. They were a region with a lot of resources and wealth which was needed to foster economic growth n Europe.Reference Athena,L (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers Ashton, T. S. (1969) The Industrial Revolution. London: Oxford University Press Chambers, J. D. The Workshop of the World. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Esler, A and Ellis, E (2009) World History. USA: Prentice Hall Farah, A and Karls, A. B (2001) World history: the human experience. USA: McGraw Hill Hawkins, M (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860-1945: Nature and Model and Nature as Threat.London: Cambridge University Press Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed. ). USA: Wiley-Blackwell Kuper H,(1965) Urbanization and Migration in West Africa . California: Mayfield Publishers Company Bicker,R and Henriot,C (2000) New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953. Manchester: Manchester University Press Simon C. Smith, (1998) British Imperialism 1750–1970, Cambridge University Press Thompson, E. P. (1964) The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon

Critical Analysis of the Methodology Used by Barba-Briosco et al. in Their Study of Pollutants in the Huelva Estuary, Spain

Introduction This paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology used by Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) in their study about water pollution from multiple sources in the Huelva Estuary, Spain. It discusses the extent to which this methodology has enabled the authors to achieve their aims and objectives, focusing on whether one could be confident with the quality of the data provided. It also tackles whether there are any areas in which the methodology could be improved. Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) studied major ions, nutrients, pesticides, etc. in human development-impacted coastal wetland of Huelva Estuary. The hydrodynamics of the area has been modified by previous land use, which led to the division of the ecosystem into a tideland and an artificial freshwater basin. The Huelva Estuary, which is polluted by mine, causes the flooding of the tideland stretch, which occurs twice a day. Acid discharges are also collected in the tidal channel from industrial point sources that play a part in metal enhancement. The tidal situation in Huelva Estuary has an important contribution to the transport of pollutants except for the artificial basin exhibiting cyclic mineralisation pattern. Barba-Brioso et al.’s Methodology The authors initially adopted sampling of the tideland zone in order to take into account the impacts of tidal regimes, in which nine samples were taken for high tide and twelve for low tide. A Zodiac boat was used to access the sampling site. The cyclic freshwater variations were examined by taking water samples of 1-20 cm in lacustrine zone whereby five were collected during winter and three during summer. Additionally, the study collected three samples of running water in summer and five in winter which were taken from open pipes and tributary streams. Field constraints caused an imbalance to the sampling design. The methodology also adopted several specific studies for the reference of general procedures in taking the water samples, which is considered the strength of the methodology since it sought evidence-based practice to utilising the selected procedure. Ion chromatography was also used to determine sulfate, nitrate, and bromide concentrations, amongst others. Critical Analysis of the Methodology The measurement used in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study is rather intricate and highly systematic, as the research itself is objective, quantitative, and is assumed to be statistically valid, as quantitative research must be (Bamberger, 2000; Bower, 2005). The methodology is able to address the primary objective of ascertaining how the concentration of pollutants is influenced by tidal and cyclical regimes in Huelva Estuary. This is demonstrated in the manner by which sampling was chosen, specifically the 9 samples for high tide and twelve for low tide, so that the impacts of tidal regime may be considered. The same was done for the cyclical regimes, in which the same sampling pattern for water was collected. This paved the way to addressing the research objective being mentioned. The adoption of intricate methods for the data in Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study is similar in extent as other studies citing it, such as Zhang et al. (2011) and Guillen et al. (2012). The adoption of the experimental method in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study to examine the research problem is harmonious with its use of basic descriptive statistics of element concentrations and other elements in the wetland. The use of Merck 1000 ppm and bicarbonate determination indicate its pursuit for accurate generation of results relating to water and wastewater examination. The objectivity of the study is also shown in its triplicate measurement of the samples, with the representative value (mean) having achieved specific percentage accuracy. Barba- Brioso and colleagues also cited other authors in their calculation of the instrumental detection limit, which is suggestive of their stance to provide evidence to the relevance and applicability of the method to their study. It only means that the authors wanted to back up their use of such method through other studies utilising the same. Moreover, the objective of detecting anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities was addressed in the study by tackling hydrochemical parameters, amongst others, in basic descriptive statistics organised based on tidal and cyclical conditions that took place at the time when sampling was carried out. This allowed the analysis of the estuarine waters to find slight alkaline content alongside local recording of acidic values at the rim of the tidal channel during low tide periods. The objective of detecting anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities was also addressed by an identification of the wide variation in the mean pH values in the lacustrine wetland, which is higher during winter (8.4) than during summer (7.5). In addition, the methodology used a Piper diagram to plot the hydrochemical data, bearing dissolved prime cations and anions, which then exhibited two major water types in the wetland, specifically sodium chloride sulfate and a mixture of cal cium, magnesium, and sulfate-chloride. The Piper diagram has been used also in other studies depicting similar direction as that of this study, such as in the studies of Adams et al. (2001), Cloutier et al. (2008), and Van den Boogaart and Tolosana-Delgado (2008). The procedure in Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) revealed greater concentrations of nitrate distribution during low tide, which increases in the upstream route as well as detected the highest levels of nitrate and phosphate in small streams. It may thus be inferred that these data emanating from the methodology, enabled Barba- Brioso et al. to address the second objective, which again is to detect anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities. Such objective was also addressed by the methodology’s stance to determine Ca and Mg concentrations through atomic absorption spectroscopy as well as atomic emission spectroscopy to determine K and NA. The application of SPE and HPLC procedures in quantifying all the studied pesticides was also congruent with the objective of identifying the various sources of pollution by apportionment procedures. In the same manner, the methods being carried out alongside this (e.g. use of water and methanol to condition the cartridge, etc.) app arently supported the study’s intention to tackle the objective of identifying anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities. Furthermore, to determine trace elements, the methodology used measurements of iron elevated contents at the convergence of the Tinto River and the Tidal channel. Citing the methodology In the study of Guillen et al. (2012), the authors did not use the same methods as Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) in their (Guillen et al., 2012) attempt to find out trace elements’ mobility through the modified BCR sequential extraction method. Rather, atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy were utilised by Barba- Brioso et al. (2010). Mass spectroscopy with plasma of inductive couple carried out the analyses of dissolved trace elements in Barba- Brioso and colleagues’ study. The pursuit of the method to derive the expected precision was seen in an attempt to correct for any drift during the analysis through the measurement of certified reference material, thereby producing the range of a specific mean precision for all the analyses and a particular detection limit optimisation for all the trace elements being analysed.The apportionment methods also allowed different potentially toxic elements to be distributed on a closely parallel manner with the pattern of major cations and anions, in which a declining upstream trend was depicted during both high and low tides. The method used enabled the study to determine the sources of pollution in the Domingo Rubio wetland in Tideland area and overall wetland. The manner of data collection was highly scientific and accuracy-specific, as the study intended to investigate the major ions and trace elements as well as the pesticide distribution in the coastal wetland. The passing of the replicates of water sample through the equivalent cartridges at a specific flow rate was also indicative of an aim to ascertain pesticide distribution, which was linked to an objective of identifying the various sources of pollution in Domingo Rubio. It may also be observed that the analytical methods concerning anions and nutrients in which Merck 1000 ppm and Standard Methods were used to examine water and wastewater were parallel to the objectives of determining hydrochemical anomalies and various sources of pollution in the wetland. It may therefore be claimed that the extent to which the methodology has enabled the investigators to meet the stated aims and objectives is sufficient enough. Further, the quality of the data being provided was something to be confident about. The authors enumerated the analytical methods and procedures one by one, strongly focusing on the details of these procedures, including the elements being examined. They also used a table on which to organise the data, clear enough for the reader to understand them. The high confidence level of the data being presented is indicative of how they were analysed in the results section, in which the parameters of water quality were summarised and compared, alongside the samples’ chemical composition. In this regard, the study is able to pinpoint that the tidal channel is characterised by slight alkaline content, describing its pH mean values during low tide and high tide, and that there is the presence of acidic values at the rim of the tidal channel during low tide. This specific analysis was enabled by the kind of data being gathered and the manner through which to analyse them. In addition, the methodology paved the way for the result to conclude that the water samples being examined were oxidising. Similarly, it was able to point out that the most acidic water had the higher Eh values, leading to a deviation from the common pattern demonstrated by the dominant waters in the wetland. The results also revealed the existence of the effect of tidal interaction through the way the data were used to examine the gradual decline of the electrical conductivity in the upstream route. The data also allowed identifying the period when the maximum value was recorded. The study’s depiction of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the draining streams across the agricultural areas is parallel to its objective to find out the influence of tidal and cyclical conditions on the concentrations of pollutants. An interesting point to mention is the fact that Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study was cited by Haarstad et al. (2011) in their investigation of pollutants in natural wetla nds and the latter also used the experimental design, enabling the authors to identify the pesticides found and identify toxic heavy metals. An experimental design – with a different statistical approach – was also utilised in Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study on the application of the life cycle impact assessment to the Domingo Rubio tidal structure. With the above discussion, it is thereby concluded that there are no more areas in which the methodology could be improved as it was able to cover all the necessary aspects deemed to be achieved by the objectives. Conclusion This paper has been focused on analysing critically the methodology adopted in the study of Barba-Brioso et al. (2010), which is about water pollution from multiple sources in the Huelva Estuary. This work is able to pinpoint the extent to which the methodology has allowed the aims and objectives to be addressed in their entirety. Sampling for both high tide and low tide was utilised in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study to consider the impacts of tidal regimes, in which water samples were taken during winter and summer. A highly systematic and intricate methodology was adopted, considering that the study itself was quantitative where objectivity and statistical validity were highly considered. The study’s adoption of the experimental method is consistent with the use of basic descriptive statistics that allowed examining the concentrations of elements in the wetland. It also utilised hydrochemical parameters, amongst others, as a way to contribute to addressing its objective to identify hydrochemical irregularities. With the study’s identification of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the draining streams, it likewise tackled the objective of recognising the influence of tidal and cyclical conditions on the concentrations of pollutants. The conclusion thus generated is that the methodology was able to cover all areas and that there were none left to be improved because of this. References Adams, S., Titus, R., Pietersen, K., Tredoux, G., and Harris, C. (2001) Hyrdochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 241 (1-2), 91-103. Bamberger, M. (2000) Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Development Projects. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Barba-Brioso, C., Fernandez-Caliani, J. C., Miras, A., Cornejo, J., and Galan, E. (2010) Multi-source water pollution in a highly anthrropized wetland system associated with the estuary of Huelva (SW Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(1), 1259-1269. Barba-Brioso, C., Quaranta, G., Galan, E., Fernandez, J. C., and Miras, A. (2010) The life cycle impact assessment applied to the Domingo Rubio tidal system by the study of seasonal variations of the aquatic eutrophication potential. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (23), 5897-5902. Bower, M. (2005) Psychoanalytic Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking under Fire. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Cloutier, V., Lefebve, R., Therrien, R., and Savard, M. M. (2008) Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data as indicative of the hyrochemical evolution of groundwater in a sedimentary rock aquifer system. Journal of Hydrology, 353 (3-4), 294-313. Guillen, M. T., Delgado, J., Albanese, S., Nieto, J. M., Lima, A., and De Vivo, B. (2012) Heavy metals fractionation and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate the environmental risk in soils of Huelva Township (SW Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 119-120 (1), 32-43. Haarstad, K., Bavor, H. J., and Maehlum, T. (2011) Organic and metallic pollutants in water treatment and natural wetlands: A review. Water Science & Technology, 65 (1), 76-99. Van den Boogaart . K. G. and Tolosana-Delgado, R. (2008) Compositions: A unified R package to analyze compositional data. Computers & Geosciences, 34 (4), 320-338.

Integration of Non-Verbal Communication in the Workplace essays

Integration of Non-Verbal Communication in the Workplace essays Within the education system, and educational institutes, body language can aid teachers and counselors when dealing with troubled students or students who seem to be performing poorly in the classroom. "Teens are particularly expressive when it comes to body language" (Pierce- Rusunen, D.1) and recognizing the cues and signals could assist in gauging self-esteem issues and problems at home or at school. "Girls will let their hair fall so it covers their eyes or the sides of their face [and] they're more hunched over, their eyes are downcast" (Pierce-Rusunen) are all cues that teenage girls have issues with confidence and being assertive. These are all vital skills and traits for not only dealing with school, but also after school when students move on Body language cues could also aid school counselors with problem or troubled students. Two forms of body language in students tend to be most prevalent; lowered eyes and the stare'. "They stare when they are upset or angry." (Pierce-Rusunen) and lowered eyes' usually occurs when teachers search for an answer after asking a question and they look around the room. Teachers can also be aware of the non-verbal cues they are giving off to their students. It is important that teachers do not alienate students, or appear vulnerable in the classroom so good non-verbal communication skills can support their role within the classroom, making them more effective teachers and better communicators. Teachers can also instruct students on the value of body language and especially younger children and teenagers this could be not only beneficial in a social context, but also in protecting themselves against strangers or unusual circumstances. Beyond the classroom, body language could be used amongst faculty members and staff in their own dynamics as it is used in the business world ...